Is Offline Programming Really Accurate?

People worry that offline programming is inaccurate. But, is it true? Here’s the secret to accurate robot programs.

A common concern about offline programming is accuracy. People may have heard that simulation can be inaccurate. They worry that they’ll have to do extra debugging work when they send their program to the real robot hardware.

The basic answer is: “yes, offline programming is accurate, but…”

But, you have to set it up properly. When it’s set up properly, your program will run accurately on the physical robot. This will save you extra programming time andhelp to reduce downtime.

Thankfully, some offline programming software is very easy to configure for high accuracy applications.

Let’s have a look at what contributes to programming accuracy and how you can ensure that your robot program is accurate.

10 Causes of Inaccurate Robot Programming

有多种因素可能导致机器人程序不准确。

Here are 10 of the most common causes.

Some of these also apply to robots which have been programmed using online programming methods.

1. Lack of calibration— The most important factor has got to be calibration, or lack of it. If your cell is not calibrated, you are setting yourself up to fail. I’ll cover calibration in more detail in the rest of this article.
2. Inaccurate robot model —Your offline programis only as good as your robot model. Over the years I have spent hours and hours building various robot models for simulators. In the process, I have learned this: if you can find an existing, accurate robot model (like the ones in RoboDK’sRobot Library) you’ll save yourself a lot of time and energy. The accuracy of the robot model can be improved using robot calibration.
3. Inaccurate cell layout design —Equally important is having an accurate model of the robot’s work cell. This you will almost certainly have to build yourself, so check and double check that it is an accurate representation of the real workstation.
4. 坏后处理器 -The post-processor turns the program you have created in offline programming into code which the robot can use. If you are using a good post-processor (such as those included in RoboDK) this is very simple. However, if you have to write your own post-processor for any reason, it could introduce inaccuracies if it is not programmed correctly.
5. r扭曲eal world —The real world is never as clean as a simulated environment. The robot links will be slightly different sizes, its joint angles will be slightly different from the readings, etc. This is why calibration is so important.
6. Sensor inaccuracy —Sensors are used to detect the difference between the theoretical values and real robot values. The simplest example is a potentiometer to detect the real position of a robot joint. A more complex example is a 3D vision setup. However, sensors are also physical devices sensors so can also introduce errors.
7. Unhelpful product design —Some objects are harder to manipulate with a robot than others. Even if your robot program is entirely accurate, you may see inaccuracies in the robot’s actions if the objects it manipulates are not designed with robots in mind.
8. Different coordinate systems —Robot manufacturers sometimes use different coordinate systems. This can cause inaccuracies if the wrong system is used or if errors are introduced when converting between different systems.
9. Wrong reference frame —All positions in a robot program are given relative to a reference frame. Sometimes this is a fixed frame, e.g. the robot’s base, but you can also make it relative to another frame, like the manipulated object. Poorly calibrating this frame can cause inaccuracies.
10. Lack of testing —测试您的程序。即使您的单元格进行了正确的校准，您也应始终在软件中彻底测试程序，然后在进行生产之前对真实机器人进行仔细检查。

You can solve most of these problems by using good offline programming software (like RoboDK) and calibrating your robot.

How to Calibrate Your Offline Program

As Automation manager Jens Fetzer says“Offline programming for robots will never work … unless you calibrate your workcell.”

Calibration is the key to an accurate robot program. This is true for any robot program, but it is especially important for offline programming.

如果您要比较离线编程软件包，请确保在开始创建程序之前校准机器人，工具和参考帧是易于且准确的。没有什么比花费数小时的程序更糟糕的了，只是发现您使用的软件中的校准过程不存在或笨重。

Here are the four steps to calculating your robot with RoboDK.

1. Calibrate Your Tool (TCP/Tool Center Point)

The Tool Center Point (TCP) is the point that you will most often use to direct the movements of your robot. For example, it might correspond to the center of a gripper, the tip of a welder, or the tip of a spindle cutter for robot machining.

Calibration involves moving the physical robot to points within its workspace then recording the real position of its joints. The software then uses this information to adjust its model to more accurately correspond to the real robot.

There are two ways to calibrate TCP in RoboDK:

1. By Point —The traditional way to calibrate the TCP is to touch the same point using various orientations. You can do this by using the “Calib XYZ by point” function.
2. By Plane —Another option is to touch various points (at various orientations) on one plane with the tool tip. This is particularly useful if the TCP is a sphere, rather than a single point. You can do this by using the “Calib XYZ by plane” function.

You must capture at least 3 points to calibrate the tool, but we suggest that you use more than 8 points to improve accuracy.

You can find more detailed instructionson this page of the documentation.

删除离群值

After you have collected all your calibration points (more is better!), check for any outliers in the data by bringing up the “Show Errors” graph in the calibration window in RoboDK. The outliers will show up as errors which are very different from all the rest. You don’t want your calibration to be influenced by outliers as it will cause inaccuracy. Delete the offending points and the new TCP error will be calculated.

2. Probe Your Reference

If you are using an external reference frame instead of the default robot base frame, you can also calibrate this point in RoboDK. This involves either entering the frame’s location manually or moving the robot’s TCP to the physical location of the frame in the workspace. Make sure that you calibrate the TCP first, otherwise the frame will be recorded inaccurately.

3. Calibrate Your Robot

Robot calibration allows you to improve the real geometrical parameters in the kinematic structure of an industrial robot, such as the relative position of joint links in the robot. Once a robot is calibrated robot programs can be generated using a filter algorithm that compensates kinematic robot errors.

Robot calibration requires metrology equipment which can be costly compared to the price of a robot.

Following steps 1 and 2 properly are critical to decide if robot calibration is required. Without robot calibration, errors can vary a lot from one robot to another one. Errors can range from 1 mm to over 10 mm. Having a smaller robot does not always mean you’ll get better accuracies either!

Once a robot is calibrated, accuracies usually range between 0.050 mm and 1 mm at most. This highly depends on the robot used.

在Robodk，我们做了robot calibrationas easy as possible. You can calibrate your robot in less than 20 minutes!

4. Test Robot Performance

如果这是你第一次使用离线课题amming with your robot, it’s a good idea to test the accuracy on the real robot. If you haven’t got any testing equipment, I’d suggest at least running a simple program to test that the robot moves where you expect it to. However, it is even better if you can validate the accuracy of the calibration using verification tests.

Two great ways to verify the calibration of your robot is to use the “ballbar test” or a Robot Performance Analysis. You can see some videos of these processes on ourrobot ballbar testing page.

What questions do you have about offline programming accuracy?Tell us in the comments below or join the discussion onLinkedIn,Twitter,Facebook,orInstagram.